Airbus A220 – Air Systems

{“questions”:{“8867s”:{“id”:”8867s”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:”https:\/\/www.smartcockpit.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/A220-Air-Systems-Q1.jpg”,”imageId”:”6319″,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”Without external bleed air connected and while on BATT power only, it is possible that the EXT AIR symbol is displayed (green) on the AIR synoptic page while the L and R bleed pressure readouts can vary between 9 PSI and 16 PSI (instead of 0 PSI). This is because:”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“1n96c”:{“id”:”1n96c”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Data from the Air Data System…… Continue Reading →

Airbus A330 – Oxygen

{“questions”:{“frunz”:{“id”:”frunz”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The passenger oxygen mask doors open automatically if the cabin altitude exceeds:”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“rg1mj”:{“id”:”rg1mj”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”9,500 ft (-750 ft \/ +250 ft).”},”480n8″:{“id”:”480n8″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”10,000 ft (-750 ft \/ +250 ft).”},”2q4jw”:{“id”:”2q4jw”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”14,000 ft (-750 ft \/ +250 ft).”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”sh15r”:{“id”:”sh15r”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”14,500 ft (-750 ft \/ +250 ft).”}}},”jazog”:{“id”:”jazog”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”Passenger oxygen is supplied by:”,”desc”:”The chemical reaction used for oxygen generation creates heat. Therefore, a smell of burning, smoke, and…… Continue Reading →

Airbus A330 – Navigation

{“questions”:{“hny4z”:{“id”:”hny4z”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”In normal operation, the NAVAIDS are tuned:”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“7jehm”:{“id”:”7jehm”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Manually through the RMP (Radio Management Panel).”},”re52a”:{“id”:”re52a”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Manually through the RAD NAV page.”},”noudo”:{“id”:”noudo”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Automatically by the FMGEC (Flight Management Guidance Envelope Computers).”,”isCorrect”:”1″}}},”cfprr”:{“id”:”cfprr”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The Air Data and Inertial Reference System (ADIRS) supplies temperature, anemometric, barometric and inertial parameters to the EFIS system (PFD and ND) and to other user systems (FMGEC, FADEC, PRIM,…… Continue Reading →

Gulfstream G550 – Fire Protection

{“questions”:{“dwhce”:{“id”:”dwhce”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The APU fire extinguishing system uses:”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“0f77s”:{“id”:”0f77s”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Its own dedicated bottle”},”ovcdu”:{“id”:”ovcdu”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”The aircraft engine\u2019s number 1 bottle”},”ct66j”:{“id”:”ct66j”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”The aircraft engine\u2019s number 2 bottle”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”ix1y6″:{“id”:”ix1y6″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”One or two of its own dedicated bottles.”}}},”zky4k”:{“id”:”zky4k”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The engine fire-extinguishing system consists of two identical, single-shot fire-extinguishing bottles containing a fire-extinguishing agent and propellant, mounted:”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“53juy”:{“id”:”53juy”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Underneath the aft cabin”},”o7tap”:{“id”:”o7tap”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Underneath the front cabin.”},”9h3vp”:{“id”:”9h3vp”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”In the main wheel well area.”},”qqkmb”:{“id”:”qqkmb”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”In the…… Continue Reading →

Gulfstream G550 – Pneumatics

{“questions”:{“zbj9e”:{“id”:”zbj9e”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The minimum air pressure that should ever be seen in the manifold is:”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“fhcth”:{“id”:”fhcth”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”14 psi”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”6xkcn”:{“id”:”6xkcn”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”22 psi”},”1ush5″:{“id”:”1ush5″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”35 psi”},”9hyht”:{“id”:”9hyht”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”10 psi”}}},”9ug79″:{“id”:”9ug79″,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”Minimum pressures and all temperatures are set and maintained by the Bleed Air Controllers (BACs).”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“57jx9”:{“id”:”57jx9″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”True”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”26afp”:{“id”:”26afp”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”False.”}}},”uyd71″:{“id”:”uyd71″,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The APU bleed-air control system switch allows selection of the APU as a source of bleed air if the aircraft is below _____ feet AGL.”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“7h325”:{“id”:”7h325″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”1,000″},”xi45b”:{“id”:”xi45b”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”1,500″,”isCorrect”:”1″},”tf8u8″:{“id”:”tf8u8″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”1,950″},”wm611″:{“id”:”wm611″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”2,000″}}},”p9rx9″:{“id”:”p9rx9″,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The…… Continue Reading →

Gulfstream G550 – Lighting

{“questions”:{“8wl0z”:{“id”:”8wl0z”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The landing lights, if not turned off after takeoff, will shut off as the aircraft climbs through:\r\n”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“da72j”:{“id”:”da72j”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”15,000 ft”},”xzd9i”:{“id”:”xzd9i”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”18,000 ft”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”mv4ta”:{“id”:”mv4ta”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”12,000 ft”},”itx2j”:{“id”:”itx2j”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”10,000 ft”}}},”zmvl9″:{“id”:”zmvl9″,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The PED PNL (pedestal panel) knob is also a dual-stacked knob. The outer knob controls the pedestal panel backlighting. The inner knob controls the annunciator lights\u2019 intensity.”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“05psg”:{“id”:”05psg”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”True”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”vvbw5″:{“id”:”vvbw5″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”False.”}}},”7gxv0″:{“id”:”7gxv0″,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The taxi lights will extinguish automatically:”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“my34u”:{“id”:”my34u”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Based on Weight off…… Continue Reading →

Gulfstream G550 – Landing Gear and Brakes

{“questions”:{“pvi4i”:{“id”:”pvi4i”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The landing gear can be extended and retracted using:”,”desc”:”If the left system engine-driven pump fails (or if the left engine is shut down), the gear may be operated normally by utilizing the hydraulic power transfer unit (PTU).”,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“f8ya7”:{“id”:”f8ya7″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Left hydraulic system pressure or PTU system pressure”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”glldh”:{“id”:”glldh”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Right hydraulic system pressure or PTU system pressure”},”6ttca”:{“id”:”6ttca”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”PTU system pressure”},”530in”:{“id”:”530in”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Left or Right…… Continue Reading →

Gulfstream G550 – Ice and Rain Protection

{“questions”:{“jb1zi”:{“id”:”jb1zi”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”There are four anti-ice areas on the Gulfstream G500\/550 aircraft: the wing leading edges, engine cowls, windshield, and air data sensors.”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“z9vwe”:{“id”:”z9vwe”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”True.”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”pkose”:{“id”:”pkose”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”False.”}}},”dxbvb”:{“id”:”dxbvb”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”Auto activation of cowl and wing anti-ice is inhibited:”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“atyg8”:{“id”:”atyg8″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”From takeoff to 3,500 ft MSL”},”947if”:{“id”:”947if”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”From takeoff to 1,500 ft MSL”},”cpsa1″:{“id”:”cpsa1″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”From takeoff to 1,500 ft AGL”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”6j3nb”:{“id”:”6j3nb”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”From takeoff to 1,000 ft AGL”}}},”72f8r”:{“id”:”72f8r”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”Two ice detectors, located on the forward…… Continue Reading →

Gulfstream G550 – Fuel

{“questions”:{“bos7s”:{“id”:”bos7s”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The total fuel capacity for the G550 tanks is 6,118 gallons (41,300 pounds).The total capacity is 5,214 gallons (35,200 lbs) for the G500. Fuel loads may exceed 41,300 or 35,200 pounds indicated as long as ramp or takeoff weight limits are not exceeded.”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“i0g89”:{“id”:”i0g89″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”True.”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”lvlgc”:{“id”:”lvlgc”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”False.”}}},”px814″:{“id”:”px814″,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”A fuel hopper, which is an isolated compartment with a capacity of ____…… Continue Reading →

Gulfstream G550 – Flight controls

{“questions”:{“7qj8t”:{“id”:”7qj8t”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”What will be automatically engaged when the autopilot is engaged?”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“r5t95”:{“id”:”r5t95″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Autothrottles”},”9o4s3″:{“id”:”9o4s3″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Pitch trim”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”y51xw”:{“id”:”y51xw”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”FMS”},”3f9ek”:{“id”:”3f9ek”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Short range NAV”}}},”z5zj5″:{“id”:”z5zj5″,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”With no hydraulic pressure available when the input arrives at the actuator, the aileron actuator bypass valve will open, allowing manual operation (manual reversion) of the aileron control surface. During manual reversion, all lateral control system motion is accomplished mainly by the ailerons…… Continue Reading →

Airbus A320 – Communications

{“questions”:{“wgkts”:{“id”:”wgkts”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The audio management system allows the flight crew to use:”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“cnm9j”:{“id”:”cnm9j”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”All the radio communication and radio navigation facilities installed on the aircraft in transmission and reception mode.”},”6w2df”:{“id”:”6w2df”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”The interphone system.”},”luyjz”:{“id”:”luyjz”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”The call systems and Passenger Address (PA) system.”},”bdwe2″:{“id”:”bdwe2″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”All statements are correct.”,”isCorrect”:”1″}}},”e0qrh”:{“id”:”e0qrh”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”How can you get the mechanics attention when he is outside the aircraft?”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“dut12”:{“id”:”dut12″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Use the MECH pushbutton on the…… Continue Reading →

Airbus A320 – Navigation

{“questions”:{“vh4lr”:{“id”:”vh4lr”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”What are the different types of flight guidance? “,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“yde2m”:{“id”:”yde2m”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Slaved and managed. “},”kbk08”:{“id”:”kbk08″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Automatic and manual. “},”hu9lo”:{“id”:”hu9lo”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Managed and selected. “,”isCorrect”:”1″},”uffrk”:{“id”:”uffrk”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Managed and manual. “}}},”gm4dz”:{“id”:”gm4dz”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”One A\/P can be engaged on the ground if the engines are not running. “,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“4xgl9”:{“id”:”4xgl9″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”This A\/P will disengage when both engines are started. “},”vmowq”:{“id”:”vmowq”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”This A\/P will disengage when one engine is started. “,”isCorrect”:”1″},”cd1gs”:{“id”:”cd1gs”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”This A\/P will…… Continue Reading →

Gulfstream G550 – Electrical

{“questions”:{“o65at”:{“id”:”o65at”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”Other than by pulling and resetting the CB, how can you reset a generator control unit (GCU)?”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“4o44f”:{“id”:”4o44f”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”You cannot reset them.”},”270ug”:{“id”:”270ug”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”By cycling the associated generator switch.”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”vlyue”:{“id”:”vlyue”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”By pressing the AC\/DC reset switch.”},”ipvgt”:{“id”:”ipvgt”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”By cycling the fuel switch.”}}},”xlgpk”:{“id”:”xlgpk”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”Which bus power control unit (BPCU) controls AC external power?”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“uwvqx”:{“id”:”uwvqx”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Left”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”dmxvr”:{“id”:”dmxvr”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Right”},”lyft0″:{“id”:”lyft0″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Forward”},”veu8j”:{“id”:”veu8j”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”Aft”}}},”aefyp”:{“id”:”aefyp”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The aircraft is equipped with a standby electrical power system that is powered…… Continue Reading →

Gulfstream G550 – APU

{“questions”:{“mhhbh”:{“id”:”mhhbh”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The APU is guaranteed to start below:”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“4uh9o”:{“id”:”4uh9o”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”45,000 feet”},”bfqva”:{“id”:”bfqva”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”43,000 feet”},”no1u7″:{“id”:”no1u7″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”39,000 feet”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”5vuaf”:{“id”:”5vuaf”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”30,000 feet”}}},”rryrw”:{“id”:”rryrw”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”When running in flight, the APU electronic control unit (ECU) will open the surge valve to control surge potential at approximately:”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“oeep8”:{“id”:”oeep8″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”16,375 feet”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”pbha2″:{“id”:”pbha2″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”35,000 feet”},”ylzc5″:{“id”:”ylzc5″,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”39,000 feet”},”od1rp”:{“id”:”od1rp”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”43,000 feet”}}},”vy8tr”:{“id”:”vy8tr”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”Bleed-air augmentation valve (BAAV) will open to allow hot air from the bleed air manifold into the APU for starting above:\r\n”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“vhr8o”:{“id”:”vhr8o”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”39,000…… Continue Reading →

Gulfstream G550 – Air conditioning

{“questions”:{“zbldn”:{“id”:”zbldn”,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”The air-conditioning controllers are dual-powered, dual-function microprocessors that provide airflow control through the packs and control pack outlet temperature.”,”desc”:”The air-conditioning controllers also provide automatic temperature control of the cockpit and the forward and aft cabin zones.”,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“0b1cb”:{“id”:”0b1cb”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”True”,”isCorrect”:”1″},”h74wa”:{“id”:”h74wa”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”False”}}},”tyg12″:{“id”:”tyg12″,”mediaType”:”image”,”answerType”:”text”,”imageCredit”:””,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”video”:””,”imagePlaceholder”:””,”imagePlaceholderId”:””,”title”:”If the AUTO\/MAN temp selector switches are in AUTO, the range of temperature control is:”,”desc”:””,”hint”:””,”answers”:{“v47qm”:{“id”:”v47qm”,”image”:””,”imageId”:””,”title”:”60 to 90 deg.F. (15 to…… Continue Reading →